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I Ran the C.D.C. Here’s How to Prove Americans are Vaccinated, by former CDC Director Thomas Frieden, considers criteria for effective COVID-19 vaccination verification systems, September 2021 |
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In Nope. A Covid-19 Travel Pass isn’t Just Like the Yellow Card, Natalie Kofler and Françoise Baylis explain the differences between the established 'Yellow Card' and COVID-19 travel passes and warn of the potential negative consequences of citing the yellow card as justification for exempting vaccinated travelers from testing and quarantine mandates, May 2021 |
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On July 27, 2021, the BBC discussed how some countries have implemented vaccination certification in COVID Passports: How Do They Work Around the World? |
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Christopher Dye and Melinda C. Mills elaborate on the ethical requirements of COVID-19 vaccine passports, such as scientific validity and equity, in COVID-19 Vaccine Passports, March 19, 2021 |
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Digital Health Passes in the Age of COVID-19: Are "Vaccine Passports" Ethical and Lawful? is a JAMA Viewpoint by Laurence Gostin which reviews the benefits of “Digital Health Passes” as well as their viability in ethical and legal spheres, April 7, 2021 |
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Scientists Have Favorable Opinions on Immunity Certificates but Raise Concerns Regarding Fairness and Equality reports on survey data gathered by Iván Aranzales et al. regarding “immunity certificates” and how demographic differences in various scientists’ opinions, July 7, 2021 |
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In Vaccine Passport Certification - Policy and Ethical Considerations, Mark A. Hall and David M. Studdert examine objections to the idea of vaccine passports, such as barriers to equal access to the vaccine, and how these objections must be addressed in any potential implementation, March 31, 2021 |
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In this April 6, 2021, NPR interview, Ailsa Chang spoke with Zeke Emanuel about The Ethics of COVID Passports; he addresses ethical objections to vaccine passports such as information privacy, as well as, use of the term “passports” |
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In COVID-19 Vaccine Passports: Access, Equity, and Ethics, Tasnime Osama, Mohammed S. Razai, and Azeem Majeed consider how “implementation [of vaccine passports] will require ethical justifications and practical solutions that do not discriminate” against people, April 1, 2021 |
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The possible threat of faking Covid-19 diagnostic tests and vaccination certifications: a call to an immediate action warns in Journal of Public Health that safeguards against falsification of vaccination and testing documentation must be implemented immediately, March 2021 |
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The Scientific and Ethical Feasibility of Immunity Passports, in Lancet Infectious Diseases, rebuts arguments against their use and affirms their use, March 2021 |
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The Ethics of COVID-19 Immunity-Based Licenses (“Immunity Passports”) by Govind Persad and Zeke Emanuel in JAMA 2020, 323(22):2241–2242. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.8102), arguing that “immunity-based licenses have the potential to help realize important values, ... enhancing the liberty of individuals who have been infected with COVID-19 without worsening the situation of those who have not been ... allowing immune people to engage in economic activity, and protecting the least advantaged by allowing safer care for vulnerable populations,” and they don’t violate equal treatment nu being inappropriately discriminatory |
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Passport to freedom? Immunity passports for COVID-19, by Brown et al., discusses “practical considerations, fairness issues, the risk to social cooperation, and the impact on people’s civil liberties” associated with such passports, and makes recommendations for their implementation, October 2020 |
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Immunity passports, fundamental rights and public health hazards: a reply to Brown et al recognizes that arguments about “immunity passports” apply to arguments about distinguishing between those who have and have not been vaccinated vis-à-vis restriction on their freedom of participation in society |
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In COVID-19 immunity certificates: science, ethics, policy, and law Hank Greely analyzes these issues, remains neutral about the use of certificates, but offers recommendations to policymakers who consider implementing them |
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Show Me Your Passport: Ethical Concerns About Covid-19 Antibody Testing as Key to Reopening Public Life discusses the scientific limitations of currently available antibody testing and ethical concerns associated with uses of proof of immunity |
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Should We Turn to Immunity Testing? is the video of The Hastings Center’s May 28, 2020 virtual discussion of immunity certification; companies are racing ahead with the creation of digital immunity tools despite unclear science and both legal and ethical concerns. Also available is video of The Hastings Center’s May 18, 2020 discussion on Privacy, Surveillance, and Digital Tools for Contact Tracing |
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Immunity Passports and the Perils of Conferring Coronavirus Status examines problems with using Smartphone apps to verify whether someone has been infected with COVID-19, May 19, 2020 in The New Yorker |
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Ten Reasons Why Immunity Passports are a Bad Idea, an article by Françoise Baylis and Natalie Kofler in Nature arguing that “restricting movement on the basis of biology threatens freedom, fairness and public health,” May 21, 2020 In Vaccination certificates could entrench inequality Baylis and Kofler extend their concerns to the use of proof of vaccination, March 2021 |
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Privileges and Immunity Certification During the COVID-19 Pandemic, by Mark Hall and David Studdert, explains how the prospect of immunity certification would be unparalleled in several ways and raises urgent ethical, legal, and policy concerns |
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Coronavirus 'Immunity Passports' are not the Answer, commentary from the ACLU (American Civil Liberties Union), May 18, 2020 |
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COVID-19 ‘Immunity Passports’ and Dystopian Segregation: A Few Concerns, by Daniel Tigard of the Institute for History & Ethics of Medicine at the Technical University of Munich, in an April 6, 2020 bioethics.net post |